Saturday, December 17, 2022

Glyphosate Poisoning: The impact of 50 years of agricultural toxicity on human health: A review of current scientific evidence and reviewed by Dr Shiksha Gallow (PHD, DMed, MMed, MBA, MMedSci, PrNatSci) Holistic Integrative Medical Practioner

1. Introduction

Glyphosate is the main ingredient in the most over-used agricultural chemical in the world and its dangers to human health and the environment are now well established. The purpose of this paper is to present a collection of the most up-to-date scientific citations as evidence of the serious life-threatening health and environmental hazards of this dangerous and toxic chemical that is sprayed over all of our food and even in non-agricultural zones everywhere in the world. It is found in the soil, air, water and food and it is said that today, no one can escape the effects of glyphosate, not even on the North Pole! The truth is that all non organic farmers are using glyphosate and there is only one certified organic grain farmer in South Africa, and that is Mr Bertie Coetzee from Prieska.

Glyphosate is now found in all of our food, in human breast milk and our drinking water supplies, ground and surface. Glyphosate is sprayed onto all crops that we eat as well as onto the food that animals consume, which also then becomes the food for humans. This dangerous poison bioaccumulates in humans and animals and unfortunately glyphosate is not killed in the cooking process, just like arsenic is not boiled off of tap or groundwater supplies. 

People living with poisoned water are still suffering the effects of arsenic, mercury and lead poisoning. And this is the epicentre of all that is now known as ‘auto-immune’ and people are suffering slow and painful deaths while doctors scratch their heads and say that they do not know what is causing these conditions.

 

2. The corporate battle for control of the world’s food system...

Corporations control the entire agricultural academic arena by funding their research as well as other activities. And this is exactly how agricultural students are brainwashed into believing that glyphosate is necessary for good agricultural practice. This is a trap that has caused farmers world-wide to lose their freedoms.

Today it is known that 99% of the soya and 84% of the maize grown in South Africa is genetically modified (GMO) meaning that these plants are engineered to withstand glyphosate that kills all Non-GMO plants.

 

3.Why is glyphosate so dangerous?

The entire Earth’s topsoil has been depleted of nutrients over the past 30 years because of the chelation and antibiotic activities of glyphosate. Chelation is the process whereby nutrients bond to substances in this case glyphosate because it was intentionally engineered to strip the nutrients out of the soil.

 

4. How does glyphosate affect the human gut biome?

To highlight the length of time dedicated to glyphosate, we must learn that this product was first patented in 1964 as a chelator for removing unwanted chemical deposits from drain pipes. Ten years later it was patented as a herbicide and then in 2010 the corporation known as Bayer Monsanto managed to be awarded a patent for glyphosate as an antibiotic due to its ‘antimicrobial properties’.

It is the antibiotic properties of glyphosate that actually leads to the death of the plant. Just like the overuse of antibiotics can kill the good bacteria in the human gut-biome, so too in plants glyphosate kills the beneficial bacteria like bifidobacterium and lactobacilli that plants and animals depend on.

Glyphosate not only kills the good guys, it also enhances the powers of the bad guys like clostridium, phythothera, pithium as well as rhizotonia. These are the pathogens that actually kill the plants. It is interesting to note that all children diagnosed with autism have elevated levels of clostridia in their tested faeces.

In other words, this constant exposure to glyphosate alters the bacteria population from beneficial to pathogenic. The same thing is happening in the human gut biome and this is why we now have the situation where 1 in every 3 humans is ill. In my opinion, glyphosate is the main driver for the antibiotic resistance that we are seeing today. [674-677]This is also why I say that glyphosate causes parasitic infections in humans and these parasites feed off of human food and the heavy metals from the herbicides and fertilisers that are sprayed over our food crops. So it makes perfect sense that the real manifestation of the deathly danger that is organophosphate poisoning… will be in the human gut. Parasites, viruses (especially the Epstein-Barr virus) and other pathogens can also cross the umbilical cord from mother to baby during pregnancy.

Parasitic infections are fast becoming an epidemic of their own proportions. Where before only people in the rural areas used to pick up parasites, now everyone living in cities and slums has parasites whether they wish to admit it or not and this is just one of the root causes of the radical increase in chronic disease especially in the youth. The reason for this increase in parasitic infections is two-fold: due to the increase and overuse of glyphosate, and the fact that these parasites are capable of crossing the blood brain barrier, the gut-brain barrier and the umbilical cord. [678-680]

 

5. What is the Shikimate Pathway?

The shikimate pathway is the central metabolic route leading to formation of tryptophan (TRP), tyrosine (TYR), and phenylalanine (PHE). This pathway exclusively exists in plants and microorganisms (Kayser and Averesch, 2015 ). A key enzyme of shikimate pathway (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, EPSPS) is the target of the widely used herbicide glyphosate.

The main reason why corporations claim that glyphosate is safe for humans is because they believe that humans do not possess the shikimate pathway as plants do.

This pathway in plants, ensures that essential minerals are converted into amino acids that are crucial to the plants immune system and therefore health. Glyphosate disrupts the shikimatic acid pathway and this results in the death of the plant in 4 to 20 days. [681-683] 

Gut bacteria and plants use the shikimate pathway entirely to produce the amino acids required to produce crucial biologically active molecules like serotonin, melatonin, melanin, epinephrine, dopamine, thyroid hormone, folate and coenzyme Q10. Take note that most of these molecules are hormones and that the gut produces almost 90% of these molecules in the human body as well as our B vitamins that are also crucial to brain health. Heavy metals like arsenic feed off of our B vitamins and once depleted this in turn can stop the body’s production of red blood cells and this can lead to cerebral hypoxia due to lack of oxygen circulating to the brain.

 

6. Shikimates control our ability to produce these critical amino acids that also affect brain chemistry

Glyphosate disrupts the shikimate pathway causing severe harm to our gut bacteria that further affects the entire body. [678]

Therefore a damaged shikimate pathway can basically shut down the health of the microbiome causing more degeneration and more ‘auto-immune’ diseases.

This also means that we will struggle to detoxify heavy metals and because shikimates are precursors to dopamine this means that we can also experience severe depression and anxiety.

Please bear in mind that the medical field have not been completely honest with us before about body parts they did not think we needed to know about. For example the entire Endocannabinoid System (cannabinoid receptors) that now turns out to be the body’s super-computer and in fact regulates all of our other systems…the Chakra System and its alignment to the endocrine system and the petchoti gland (found behind the belly button) to name a few, so I have no doubt that all humans have a fully functional and active shikimate pathway and this is the reason why we have such alarming statistics of colon cancer, celiac disease, bowel obstruction conditions etc….it’s all because of the ill-effects of glyphosate.

And as for ‘gluten intolerance’….there is nothing different about gluten except for the ongoing chronic overuse of glyphosate through crop spraying.

How else do you explain millions of people ‘suddenly’ becoming intolerant to gluten? It’s the increased anaerobic fermentation in the gut that leads to altered amines, phenols, hydrogen sulphide and ammonia by-products that are toxic to the colon and create inflammation and this leads to the leaky gut and obviously food intolerances. It is worth knowing that the gut wall is only about 3.5 mm thick.

The gastrointestinal tract is so important that it even has its own nervous system, known as the Enteric nervous system. As mentioned before and worthy of repetition, the gut produces over 90% of serotonin and other hormones, far more than the brain does. The GI tract plays an important role in the control and function of the thyroid gland. Glyphosate disrupts all of these gut functions as well as disrupting endocrine activities and the thyroid gland is very much part of the endocrine system. [684- 690]

A 2004 study in the Journal of Toxicology titled “Glyphosate Poisoning” the following is revealed: Ingestion of >85 ml of the concentrated formulation is likely to cause significant toxicity in adults. Gastrointestinal corrosive effects, with mouth, throat and epigastric pain and dysphagia are common. Renal and hepatic impairment are also frequent and usually reflect reduced organ perfusion. Respiratory distress, impaired consciousness, pulmonary oedema, infiltration on chest x-ray, shock, arrythmias, renal failure requiring haemodialysis, metabolic acidosis and hyperkalaemia may supervene in severe cases. Bradycardia and ventricular arrhythmias are often present pre-terminally. Dermal exposure to ready-to-use glyphosate formulations can cause irritation and photo-contact dermatitis has been reported occasionally; these effects are probably due to the preservative Proxel (benzisothiazolin-3-one).

Severe skin burns are very rare. Inhalation is a minor route of exposure but spray mist may cause oral or nasal discomfort, an unpleasant taste in the mouth, tingling and throat irritation. Eye exposure may lead to mild conjunctivitis, and superficial corneal injury is possible if irrigation is delayed or inadequate. Management is symptomatic and supportive, and skin decontamination with soapand water after removal of contaminated clothing should be undertaken in cases of dermal exposure.” [1-5]

In conclusion, this case report emphasises that glyphosate poisoning could be life-threatening. There is no antidote for this herbicide poisoning.[6-14]

Glyphosate poisoning also affects human respiration and destroys lung tissue and is even found in human breast milk. [12, 15] There is no part of the body that is safe from the toxic effects of this substance and its metabolites. The heart, lungs, liver, eyes, kidneys, gut, brain, bladder, fertility organs, in fact all of our biological systems are at huge risk and death is inevitable.

The spectrum of GlySH poisoning includes minimal irritation of eyes too severe as shock and death.[11, 16] Severe poisoning causes dehydration, hypotension, pneumonitis, oliguria, altered level of consciousness, hepatic dysfunction, acidosis, hyperkalemia, and dysrhythmias.[17]

Studies reveal that glyphosate toxicity is not new information and scientists have known about the dangers since the beginning of the 1980’s at the very least and the issue remains of what has been done to prevent the use of this dangerous chemical.

Even though glyphosate was first synthesised in 1950, it was only patented much later and 1974 was the first year of commercialisation of glyphosate and in that year the consumption was approximately 3000 tons increasing to more than 825 000 tons by 2014. Scientists predict that in the next few years 1 million tons of glyphosate usage could be achieved, if not already exceeded.  All known foodstuffs are sprayed with glyphosate, fruit, vegetables, herbs, nuts, cereals, grains and even beer and honey,contain glyphosate and even in small amounts this chemical causes huge problems for humans and animals.

According to Farmer Angus of Stellenbosch, South Africa, every single loaf of bread sold in South Africa is contaminated with glyphosate, especially whole-wheat bread. The only exception is the organic loaves baked by Fritz Schoon of Stellenbosch. If you do some research you will quickly realise that glyphosate side effects are a lot like celiac disease and so-called ‘gluten intolerance’. The occurrence of glyphosate in ground and surface water worldwide is also well established over the past 45 years. We must never make the mistake in believing that corporations were not aware of the deathly dangers of their creation and there is no longer any doubt that their creation was engineered to cause harm.

Between 1978 and 1986 they conducted experiments on rats, mice and dogs to test the toxicity of glyphosate. These studies were submitted to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), but were not allowed in the public domain! They did however release some memos from the early 1980’s showing noteworthy kidney damage in rats together with early signs of tumour formation.

And then in 1991 one of these EPA memos revealed that their experts knew long before 1985 that glyphosate caused pancreatic, thyroid and kidney tumours. Despite all this evidence the EPA insists that glyphosate is safe for human health when used in accordance with the instructions. The problem is that it is they (US EPA and corporations), who are not following instructions and completely overusing these toxins all in the pursuit of profit and with almost zero regard for environmental or human safety.

In 1991 Talbot et al carried out a study of 93 cases of glyphosate poisoning where exposure occurred between January 1980 and 30 September 1989 [18] This study itself presented with 100 citations as evidence of the extreme dangers of glyphosate poisoning to human health, yet the corporations and their scientists continue to insist that “more research is needed”. [19-63]

 

7. Corporate corruption and new industry standards fail the future of life on Earth….

It is important to be aware of the type of research we are depending on because it is no secret that a lot of these studies are paid for by the herbicide industry who controlcommercial interests even in the face of controversy over safety concerns for human health. This is why we still amazingly find so-called ‘authentic’ science papers stating that glyphosate is perfectly safe and does not cause cancer. Glyphosate is now classified in Group 2A meaning it is a ‘probable human carcinogen’, yet it is only recognised in non-hodgkins lymphoma. To this day corporations refuse to recognise this classification stating that there is insufficient evidence. Regardless of what the corporations say, we have hundreds of citations that prove the opposite. [64-91]The scientists at The Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine have this to say about glyphosate poisoning and this quotation has been cited many times by other scientists:

“It can cause a wide range of clinical manifestations in human beings like skin and throat irritation to hypotension, oliguria and death.” [92-130]

Glyphosate is neurotoxic with serious effects on the nervous system of animals and humans. There is currently no shortage of scientific evidence to support the claim that glyphosate causes several neurotoxic effects especially in the early stages of life where it seriously affects normal cell development by disrupting signalling pathways involved in cell development. It also exerts toxic effects on neurotransmission, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction and these are all processes that lead to the death of brain cells due to autophagy, necrosis or apoptosis.

It is important to note that the doses of glyphosate that produce these effects vary greatly but it is interesting that these dosage levels are in fact lower than the limits set by the regulation agencies.

The evidence is blatantly clear that glyphosate causes important changes in the structure and function of the nervous system in humans, fish, rats and invertebrates. Glyphosate can cross the Blood-Brain-Barrier and this is how it is able to cause various types of long or short-term disturbances in the human nervous system. [131, 132]

 

8. Glyphosate not only crosses the Blood-Brain-Barrier, it can also easily cross the placenta and directly reach the baby

In the in vitro study by Masood et al, scientists noted that glyphosate has the ability to alter gene expression and this appears to be another mechanism of glyphosate-induced neurotoxicity. Also important to note is that glyphosate does not only affect postnatal neural development but can also alter neurogenesis (the creation of new brain cells) during adulthood. [134-205]

 

9. Glyphosate is also responsible for multi-organ-failure

In a 2017 study the scientists led by Edoardo Picetti, who is an anaesthesiologist and intensivist (ICU) and has 93 published works to his name, concluded as follows:

In conclusion, this case report confirms that glyphosate ingestion may be associated with rapid onset of multiple organ failure (MOF). Since an antidote is currently unavailable, major focus should be placed on aggressive life-support care and careful monitoring of complications.”[206-215]

Today glyphosate is omni-present in our food, water, soil and air and this means that it is then frequently ingested by humans and regularly found in our blood and urine and especially in employees and farmers working with glyphosate. Numerous studies carried out prove that farm workers and their families exposed to glyphosate have significant differences in the levels of glyphosate in their urine before and after application of the poison in the field after periods of up to 6 hours. These same tests were also carried out on lactating women and the results were the same. This highlights the potent persistence of glyphosate and its ability to bioaccumulate and this means definite health risk and almost certain death.

A 2020 study published in the Journal of Immunology and Toxicology presented evidence that the effects of glyphosate on the immune system of fish appear to alter function and lymphocyte response, as well as increasing the pro-inflammatory cytokines. The impact of glyphosate on the human immune system is evident in the radical increase in asthma and so-called ‘auto-immuneconditions. [216-240]

Considering the fact that the average daily diet of most is abundant in glyphosate as well as other pesticides and nutrient deficient (from soil depletion), one can appreciate that chronic dosing of glyphosate will result in an underperforming immune system that is unable to meet the challenges of modern day infections.”  Dr Shiksha Gallow (PhD, DMed, MMed, MBA, MMed Sci, Pr Nat Sci)

 

10. Glyphosate is responsible for vitamin D deficiency and bone-loss conditions like osteoporosis

Vitamin D deficiency is now also an epidemic everywhere in the world even in places where the sun shines. In a large population study in America, Bodnar et al, found that 83% of black women were deficient in vitamin D as well as 92% of their newborn babies. In white women 47% were deficient and 66% of their newborns. This was despite the fact that over 90% of the women on the studywere taking prenatal vitamins. (In chapter 17 of my book The Human Companion Plant I explain why people of colour struggle with vitamin D deficiency).

Vitamin D deficiency is strongly associated with an increased risk to bone fractures due to impaired calcium homeostasis, especially in young children. The situation is so bad that care-givers are being falsely accused of abusing small children who suffer from bone fractures due to impaired bone development. Many scientists believe that this vitamin D epidemic is caused by glyphosate because it interferes with Cytochrome (CYP) enzymes (that is a family of ‘super enzymes responsible for vital life functions especially hormone secretion and absorption). But the biggest problem with bone development is impaired manganese homeostasis and glyphosate totally depletes manganese deposits. [695-704]

 

11. Glyphosate is so dangerous that it is a favourite means of suicide in the absence of guns

In America the choice of suicide is guns because they are so easily available. But in South Asia people are poor and resort to the next most effective method of taking one’s own life by using pesticides and in particular, glyphosate.

An alarming 20% of all suicides in the South of Asia involve glyphosate and just 85 ml of a concentrated formulation will ensure significant toxicity in adults. Death occurs by a combination of pulmonary oedema accompanied by progressive hypotension (low blood pressure) either with tachycardia (high heart rate) or Bradycardia (low heart rate). There is often a certain alteration in the level of consciousness followed by shock and sadly death despite medical care. 

The mechanisms of death by intentional poisoning are the complete disruption of cell membranes including the mitochondria and the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation that scientists believe may be inter-related. If scientists could better understand these mechanisms then surely they might be able to develop an antidote.

Doctors need to be aware that ingestion of glyphosate can lead to severe organ injury and ultimately failure by causing hyperkalemia (high blood potassium) that leads to heart attack, and may lead to death. All research on this topic indicates that ‘cardiovascular collapse’ is a major cause of death after glyphosate exposure and patients respond poorly to conventional therapy. Also very important to realise is thatglyphosate doesn’t only cause toxicity after ingestion, but also after dermal exposure, inhalation as well as eye exposure. [241-296]

 

12.As a known Endocrine Disruptor, how does glyphosate affect our children?

One of the saddest papers I have read is by Sorensen and Gregersen (1999) that tells the story of a 6 year old boy who died from taking just a mouthful of glyphosate.

A simple Google search on this topic will reveal at least 8 full pages of NIH scientific citations regarding child exposure to glyphosate and thousands of seasonal urine tests all over the world to prove this exposure among our youth. [387]

Even though farmers and their families and employees are the most affected by glyphosate poisoning, scientists are now discovering that this toxin is being found in the ‘biological fluids’ of populations that are not agricultural at all. This is a massive concern because clearly the problem is greater than originally anticipated.

In 2021 Rodriguez et al published a study in the journal Frontiers in Endocrinology where the authors included different kinds of articles including an original article by Gorga et al, 2 reviews and 3 mini-reviews. All of these articles look at various study models;

related to female and male reproduction, reproductive outcomes, hormonal balance and the epigenome addressed by specialists in their fields.”

Results revealed that exposure to glyphosate causes decreased sperm concentration in rodent studies. In the mini-review by Rossetti et al authors summarise current evidence about epigenetic modifications induced by glyphosate in both human and rodent cells. [388]

 

13. At the heart of child exposure to glyphosate is prenatal exposure during pregnancy

This is exactly where the endocrine disruption begins, in the womb. It is well hypothesised that children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have lower levels of the hormones Ghrelin compared to children without ASD. This proves that hormones do modulate the pathogenesis of autism and together with exposure to heavy metals found in glyphosate products, ensure a life of mental health issues for far too many unborn children. And it’s not only mental health conditions that endocrine disruptors can cause. [389-401]

Children born predisposed to these conditions because of in-utero toxicity can also have other endocrine conditions like diabetes, cholesterol, obesity, cardiac, bone-marrow, reproductive disorders e.g. prostrate and uterine tumours, kidney and liver issues,thyroid problems, vascular problems, delayed or early onset of puberty, epilepsy, tumours, and even gastro-intestinal complications. It is obvious now that glyphosate exposure during pregnancy contributes to low birth weight, and now it is known that low birth weight leads to cardiac complications. [616-620]

A 2021 Endocrine study revealed that the percentage of obese children aged 2-5 years had doubled from 5 to 13% and quadrupled in ages 12-19 from 5 to 20.6%. The study states that there are currently,

an estimated 107.7 million children worldwide under the age of 20 that are considered obese, including those under the age of 2.” [632-635]

 

14. Does glyphosate cause autism?

Because glyphosate can affect neurogenesis, this means that it can lead to the development of neurodegenerative conditions like MS, Parkinson’s disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s and dementia, autism, behavioural conditions, Huntington’s disease, Spinal Muscular atrophy and Lewy Body disease, Bell’s Palsy as well as epilepsy and other seizure conditions.

These studies also reveal a very real relationship between exposure during pregnancy and childhood, and an increased risk of developing disorders that are on the autism spectrum. In my opinion the reason for this is the presence of heavy metals in glyphosate.  (And I feel the exact same way about menopause and over the past decade or so, more and more women everywhere in the world are suddenly experiencing prolonged menopausal symptoms when this is completely unnatural because menopause only lasts 12 months. Glyphosate and heavy metals cause ‘flashing’.)

Autism is associated with gut inflammation and “leaky gut” due to the damage to the delicately thin gut lining that is less than 4 mm thick. We know that glyphosate destroys our gut bacteria and this causes leaky gut and leaky gut means leaky brain. Glyphosate crosses and destroys the blood-brain-barrier as well as the gut-brain-barrier. [671-673]

Anxiety disorder is a serious co-morbidity of autism due to the disruption of our good bacteria caused by glyphosate. It is known that heavy metals contribute to heavy anxiety and autism. Anxiety disorder is also associated with glyphosate use on corn and soy foodstuffs. [691-694]

 

15. Autism also presents as impaired sulphate metabolism

This is the cause of the autism that I was born with, together with a severehypersensitivity to sulphates, sulphites and sulphur. This hypersensitivity is linked to my chronic arsenic toxicity in my non-vascular tissues that masquerades as Rheumatoid Arthritis (closely associated with autism) that I was diagnosed with in 1976 aged 7 years old. My mother also received her autism and arsenic poisoning via the umbilical cord from my grandmother in the same way. Arsenic has a high affinity for sulphites and sulphur and this the link between heavy metals and autism. All of this can be contained within a cluster of inter-generational glyphosate-induced damage to human gut bacteria and the subsequent results on the blood stream. [414, 473, 508, 529, 551, 599, 621, 631]

 

16. It is known that MSG literally fries the human brain and is a huge player in autism spectrum disorders

You might find it strange to read that the flavour enhancer MSG, created in 1929, that is well known for inducing obesity, cancer and other metabolic disorders due to its toxic effects, has since 1998 been authorised by the American EPA to be sprayed on crops with no restrictions. [636-639]

According to Dr Stephani Seneff Senior Research Scientist from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “by 2025 1 in 2 children will be autistic.” Her studies reveal that glyphosate destroys the human blood-brain-barrier. This is what she has to say about MSG toxicity:

“As I said, the glutamate is very interesting because glyphosate disrupts the body’s ability to metabolise glutamate, so the glutamate becomes toxic and gets into the brain.”
http://www.ageofautism.com/2014/12/dr-stephanie-seneff-senior-mit-research-scientiston-vaccine-safety.html

It is not only food additives but also agrochemicals that contaminate food and this has been linked to obesity in animals and in humans. This topic has been intensively reviewed elsewhere and the proof is solid that obesity also leads to autism and other mental health disorder, and the worst part of all of this is that corporations have always known about these deadly side-effects and they have been allowed by the wicked laws of the lands to continue their agenda that ensures that greedy corporations will continue to profit at the expense of the general population. [640-660]

In their 2020 paper, Ingaramo P et al, share the main reason for why glyphosate is an endocrine disruptor;

“The main mechanism described associated with the endocrine-disrupting effect of GBHs is the modulation of oestrogen receptors and molecules involved in the oestrogen pathways.” [402]

In her June 2021 paper titled “The EU Endocrine Disruptors’ Regulating and the Glyphosate Controversy” Dr Paraskevi Kalofiri removes any doubt we might have to the dangers of endocrine disruptors;

“It is established that Endocrine Disruptors (EDs), constitute one of the most serious risks to human health as they severely disrupt the endocrine system. This risk is largely linked with, among others, the problem of identification of the various chemical substances contained in a wide range of man-made products such as pesticides, biocides, cosmetics, plastics, paints, construction materials, and other items used daily. EDs also occur naturally such as in hormones and plant oestrogens.”

 

17. Further on in her paper, as final confirmation, she confirms the link between glyphosate and adverse endocrine activity

“Therefore, it can be concluded that glyphosate acts as an ED that modifies hormonal activity and causes defects in the reproductive process and in progeny. Also, according to Paola Ingaramo et al., there is a correlation between endocrine activity caused by glyphosate/GBHs and the adverse effects on female reproduction.

Several studies have shown the presence of endocrine disruption, whether this may be caused by glyphosate alone or by products that this substance is contained in, depending on substance levels and exposure time.

It should be stressed at this point that certain products are protected by patent laws, and thus, their ingredients are unknown. For the precise reason that there is a difference between the measured effects of an active substance in the laboratory and those observed in the interactive environments in which the substance is used, risk regulators should review their procedures so that assessment methods take into account realistic conditions.”

The biggest problem with these man-made endocrine disruptors is that they mimic our endogenous hormones like the oestrogens and androgens. They wreak havoc byupsetting and altering the synthesis and metabolism of natural hormones and their receptors. [403]

Here is the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) definition of endocrine disruptors:

“An endocrine disruptor is an exogenous substance or mixture that alters function(s) of the endocrine system and consequently causes adverse health effects in an intact organism, or its progeny, or (sub) populations”

According to the European Commission the only requirement to determine whether a chemical substance is an endocrine disruptor, is that this substance disrupts the endocrine systemregardless of the extent of the disruption.

This requirement is now accepted by the entire international scientific community and should be common knowledge to citizens who are affected. [404-446]

The real dangers of glyphosate poisoning will probably never really be known, but we certainly have enough evidence in 2022 of the evils of this substance. [447-470]

Many studies indicate that there are associations between glyphosate and immune-endocrine disruptions that target the sex and thyroid hormones.  Although there is far more evidence of endocrine disruption properties of glyphosate than there is for immunotoxicity, the overall outcome of research certainly highlights lethal effects like lung inflammation, asthma, rhinitis and sinusitis.

I truly believe that the concerning increase in asthma (especially in children) is due to the over-use of sulphites in the herbicides due to the arsenic content in the products. Nothing about this substance or any of its formulations is safe for consumption by any life form. It is true that scientific papers are boring but honestly I do urge all readers to take some time and read a few of these papers to get a clearer perspective and a point of reference for understanding the magnitude of Organophosphate Poisoning.  [471-528]

In their 2021 publication in the journal Frontiers in Endocrinology Volume 12, the authors present some alarming evidence as follows:

In vitro and ex vivo human placental perfusion experiments have shown that glyphosate is able to cross the placenta. In addition to that, glyphosate levels have been detected not only in serum of pregnant women at childbirth (0.2-189.1 µg/l), but also in umbilical cord samples (0.2-94.9 µg/l) which support the idea that glyphosate can reach the foetus. [530]

Moreover,more than 90% pregnant women residing in both rural and urban areas (75) were reported to have detectable levels of glyphosate. Based onthis data, the herbicide glyphosate could affect the mother and child during pregnancy.” [529-535]

“An issue of particular concern regarding glyphosate and its formulations is the effect on offspring and subsequent generations in both animals and humans. Inthis section, we will address the effects on health of successive generations after maternal exposure to glyphosate or GBHs, even though paternal exposure is also an important factor. “

Researchers found shocking results on the F0 and F1 generations that showed higher incidence of histological abnormalities in different organs like the prostrate, testes, kidneys and ovaries.

In their conclusion the authors leave us with this message:

“So, in this scenario, our role as scientists is to show the evidence to the scientific community, but also, to make known what is reported in the literature to the general community.Through this way, we will be able to dialogue, educate and raise awareness on the risks of excessive use of these pesticides mainly of those who manipulate the herbicide formulations or are responsible directly or indirectly of their use. Also, it is important that people take into account potential acute effects, but also long-term effects and possible impact on the health of subsequent generations; emphasising on the health care of women preconceptionally and during pregnancy (especially those who could be occupationally exposed to higher levels than general population).

Although there is extensive accumulated experimental evidence about the negative impact of glyphosate and GBHs on pregnancy outcomes, there are just a few epidemiological studies on reproductive health to arrive at conclusive definitions. Therefore, it is urged that more assessments will be a priority at this stage and we are focusing our efforts on this issue.” [536-670]

 

18. Will glyphosate ever be fully banned from Earth?

Of the 193 countries recognised by the UN only 28 have officially banned or restricted the use of glyphosate. In 2021 Germany declared that it will issue its final ban in 2024. What are they waiting for? More profits or more deaths? This is sad when you look at the mountain of evidence to support the deathly dangers of this product to humans, plants and animals, and especially the soil that built the Earth.

Of even greater concern is the fact that glyphosate is now simply being replaced with new toxins as we can see in Europe where glyphosate is being replaced by acetic, pelargonic or capric acids and even benzalkonium which are supposed to be safer substances, but are they?

Earlier on I mentioned that it is my opinion that the reason for the increase in autism is due to the presence of heavy metals in herbicides and pesticides. To be frank, I feel the exact same way about ‘auto-immune’ diseases. I do not believe that the human body ‘attacks itself’, but I do believe that we are all being poisoned by our governments whom we are supposed to look up to for protection.

If doctors and scientists for the past 100 years are still unable to explain why the body ‘attacks itself’, then surely we are looking in the wrong place to answer medical mysteries. Now is the time to own up to all the doctoral deceit and admit that the reason the body attacks itself is because of decades of chronic poisoning. The body reacts to foreign substances that are not meant to be in the body, so the medical corporations have taken the perfectly natural biological mechanism of protection and repackaged it as a ‘medical condition’ and sold it right back to us.

Studies reveal that these supposedly new and safer herbicides contain up to 35 heavy metals including arsenic, lead, iron and others at levels of up to 39 mg/l. Due to embedded nanoparticles found in herbicides and pesticides the presence of heavy metals is a couple of hundred times the permitted levels in water. These levels already violate the rules on these products issued by the European Union. This is a massive concern and citizens need to be more wide awake now than ever before. [297-338]

 

19. Worldwide failure of glyphosate regulation ensures that corporations will always control the world’s food supply by poisoning the populations

Here in South Africa we are no strangers to the modern idea of corruption that is running rampant on Earth, all in the name of greed and supplying mankind’s need for profit. All nations are now captured. So many studies have found the harm to human health and the environment, so it is obviously crucial to regulate the use of these toxins.

You will be forgiven for thinking that these regulations seem to be designed to only further their industry rather than to consider any kind of protection to humans or the Earth. Since 1997 the majority of South Africans have been consuming genetically modified food (GMO’s) without their knowledge or permission. To this day you still cannot read about glyphosate on any food labels or packaging.

 

20. People have no idea what they are eating or that they are being forced to eat genetically modified food that is spiked with toxins

This is the way of the profit system and it knows no limits to satisfy its hunger for profit and power and we see so much of this scenario where the responsible parties constantly and unashamedly violate their own rules. Not only do they break their own rules but they also rely heavily on unpublished industry sponsored studies to further their cause. By now the whole world is corrupted and captured by unprofessional conduct and mismanagement from conflicts of interest. [339-386]

We now know too well that it is the laws of the lands that give power to unethical behaviour, and the laws, and lack thereof surrounding organophosphate poisoning of the nations and the Earth are completely outdated. Legislation has not been properly reviewed since 1947. The 2010 Pesticide Management Policy of DAFF (Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries) fails in providing adequate measures to monitor environmental impact studies. This policy also does not allow for the protection of non-target areas like residential and school areas, for example.

Even though our right to safe drinking water is enshrined in our constitution, our laws barely pay attention to the protection of our water sources. The National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998) requires that the Minister of Water Affairs must put in place systems to manage and control our country’s water resources.

So you will be shocked to realise that actually, there are no water quality standards to protect our freshwater systems or indigenous freshwater organisms from glyphosate toxicity. Our water laws have not even considered a Maximum Residue level for this poison in our waters. Why is this? No one can answer this, but we do know that both The Department of Water Affairs and CSIR (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research) claim to have conducted projects for monitoring pesticides in South Africa although none of them seemed to have focused on glyphosate?

Researchers at Rhodes University have been trying to complete this knowledge gap by using studies of Fresh-water shrimp as a biomarker for the potential damage of glyphosate in aquatic systems in our country. Their initial results showed that even low levels of glyphosate can adversely affect this species. I have almost the same amount of citations for environmental impacts as I do for this paper on human impact.

We can no longer allow world governments to get away with these blatant and arrogant wicked acts upon our people who are becoming more ill by the day. Glyphosate poisoning is an ignored epidemic that needs immediate and urgent care because weed killers are not supposed to kill humans and animals as well. Have you noticed theradical increase in domestic pets like cats and dogs now suffering from the same ailments as humans?

And we should not have to be consuming poisonous genetically modified food because the weed killers are so poisonous we now need varieties that are tolerant to glyphosate like all our maize, cotton and soya bean crops.

It’s incredibly frustrating to realise that it is almost impossible to find accurate figures of pesticide or herbicide applications in South Africa. This is because the industry association Crop Life South Africa apparently ‘no longer keeps statistics on this topic.’ And neither does DAFF!

As citizens we have the right to be informed of these unsafe agricultural practices by our government. They have no right to withhold this information from us and they also have no right to poison us or to conduct research on us without our permission. The biggest problem is that we do not know our rights and we do not know what the laws actually say because we have not taken the time to educate ourselves. This is how we as a worldwide society have become completely complacent in our acceptance of all that could actually end up killing us and future generations, let alone the Earth.

Surely the time has come that we realise that spraying large quantities of antibiotics will eventually kill the soil and all of life of Earth? Can you believe that the annual use of glyphosate antibiotic exceeds the use (over use) of all other antibiotics combined together? This is shocking and there is no legislation to control these corporations in the wild west of modern day farming.

The real question is why is this poison still being sprayed over our food and even our homes? Is it because we are totally just accepting it and shrugging our shoulders in despair because we really don’t know what to do!

The solution to this problem starts in your own street where you live, and it starts with education. Everyone must meet in their town halls, libraries, car parks, wherever you can meet with your town councillors who have to take responsibility.

They must receive our petitions that will achieve critical mass, and take it further up the ranks of authority until it gets to the top to the law makers and then to parliament to please the people. The only way to solve this problem is to change the laws. Initiatives like this one is how we keep this issue in the public domain.

 

“It’s important that we take our health into our own hands. Too often many people feel their health is in their doctor’s hands. The time is now to educate yourself and educate others. In addition, we all need to remember we are responsible for this beautiful planet and future generations.” Dr Shiksha Gallow (PhD, DMed, MBA, MMedSci, Pr Nat Sci)

CITATIONS AND REFERENCES FOR GLYPHOSATE POISONING PAPER (704)

[1] (Sally M Bradberry, Alex T Proudfoot and J Allister Vale,  2004) “Glyphosphate poisoning” Toxicology Rev Journal 2004 Volume 23 Issue 3 pages 159 – 67 PMID: 15862083 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › 15862083

[2] (Williams Gm, Kroes R, Munro IC, April 2000) “Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate, for humans.” Journal Regul Toxicology Pharmacol Volume 21 Issue 2 pages 117-65 PMID: 10854122

[3] (Lee HL, Kan CD, Tsai Cl, Liou MJ, Guo HR August 2009) “Comparative effects of the formulation of glyphosate-surfactant herbicides on hemodynamics in swine.” Journal Clnical Toxicology (Phila) Volume 47 Issue 7 pages 651-8) PMID: 19663613

[4] (Kamijo Y, Takai M, Sakamoto T, 2016) “A multicenter retrospective survey of poisoning after ingestion of herbicides containing glyphosate potassium salt or other glyphosate salts in Japan.” Journal Clinical Toxicology (Phila) Volume 54 Issue 2 pages 147-51 PMID: 26691886

[5] (Sidthilaw S et al, February 2022) “Effects of exposure to glyphosate on oxidative stress, inflammation, and lung function in maize farmers, Northern Thailand.  Journal BMC Public Health Volume 22 Issue 1 page 1343 PMID: 35836163

[6] (T Kunapareddy, 3 February 2021) “Glyphosphate poisoning – a case report”. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine Volume 67 Issue 1 pages 36-38 PMCID: PMC8098880 PMID: 33533750 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov>articles>PMC8098880

[7] (Peixoto F, 2005) “Comparative effects of the Roundup and glyphosate on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.” Journal Chemoshere Volume 61 pages 1115–22

[8] (Beswick E, Millo J, 2011) “Fatal poisoning with glyphosate-surfactant herbicide.” Journal Intensive Care Soc Volume 12 pages 37–9. 

[9] (Picetti E, Generali M, Mensi F, Neri G, Damia R, Lippi G, et al 2018) “Glyphosate ingestion causing multiple organ failure: A near-fatal case report.” Journal Acta Biomed Volume 88 pages 533–7. 

[10] (Moon JM, Chun BJ, 2010) “Predicting acute complicated glyphosate intoxication in the emergency department.” Journal Clinical Toxicology Volume 48 pages 718–24. 

[11] (Lee CH, Shih CP, Hsu KH, Hung DZ, Lin CC, 2008) “The early prognostic factors of glyphosate-surfactant intoxication.” American Journal of Emergency Medicine Volume 26 pages 275-81 

[12] (Kim YH, Lee JH, Cho KW, Lee DW, Kang MJ, Lee KY, et al, 2016) “Prognostic factors in emergency department patients with glyphosate surfactant intoxication: Point-of-care lactate testing” Journal Basic Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Volume 119 pages 604–10. 

[13] (Kim YH, Lee JH, Hong CK, Cho KW, Park YH, Kim YW, et al, 2014) “Heart rate–corrected QT interval predicts mortality in glyphosate-surfactant herbicide–poisoned patients”. American Journal of Emergency Medicine Volume 32 pages 203-7

[14] (Mahendrakar K, Venkategowda PM, Rao SM, Mutkule DP, 2014) “Glyphosate surfactant herbicide poisoning and management.” Indican Journal of Critical Care Medicine Volume 18 pages 328-30

[15] (Thaku DS et al, 21 September 2014) “Glyphosate Poisoning with Acute Pulmonary Edema” Journal Toxicology International Volume 21 Issue 3 pages 328-330. PMCID: PMC4413421 PMID: 25948977 https://www.ncibi.nlm.nih.gov>articles>PMC4413421

[16] (Beswick E, Millo, 2011) “Fatal poisoning with GlySH surfactant herbicide.” Journal Iran Chem Soc Volume 12 pages 37–9

 [17] (Adams RD, Good AM, Bateman DN, 2005) “Edinburgh, UK: National Poisons Information Service; Report: Pesticide Exposure. Monitoring Using NPIS Resources”

[18] (Talbot AR et al, January 1991) “Acute poisoning with a glyphosate-surfactant herbicide (Roundup”): a review of 93 cases” Journal Hum Exp Toxicol Volume 10 Issue 1 pages 1-8 PMID: 1673618 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov>articles>PMID:1673618

[19] (Davoren M.J., Schiestl R.H, 2018) “Glyphosate-based herbicides and cancer risk: A post-IARC decision review of potential mechanisms, policy and avenues of research.”  Journal Carcinogenesis. Volume 39 pages 1207–1215.

[20] (Williams G.M., Kroes R., Munro I.C 2000) “Safety Evaluation and Risk Assessment of the Herbicide Roundup and Its Active Ingredient, Glyphosate, for Humans.” Journal Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. Volume 31 pages 117–165.

 

[21] (Tarazona J.V., Court-Marques D., Tiramani M., Reich H., Pfeil R., Istace F., Crivellente F, 2017) “Glyphosate toxicity and carcinogenicity: A review of the scientific basis of the European Union assessment and its differences with IARC.” Journal Arch. Toxicol. Volume 91 pages :2723–2743. doi: 10.1007/s00204-017-1962-5. 

 [22] (Chiesa L.M., Nobile M., Panseri S., Arioli F, 2019) “Detection of glyphosate and its metabolites in food of animal origin based on ion-chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry.” Journal Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess. Volume 36 pages 592–600. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1583380. 

[23] (Bai S.H., Ogbourne S.M, 2016) “Glyphosate: Environmental contamination, toxicity and potential risks to human health via food contamination.” Journal Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Volume 23 pages 18988–19001. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-7425-3. 

[24] (Oliveira P.C., Maximiano E.M., Oliveira P.A., Camargo J.S., Fiorucci A.R., Arruda G.J, 2018) “Direct electrochemical detection of glyphosate at carbon paste electrode and its determination in samples of milk, orange juice, and agricultural formulation.” Journal Environ. Sci. Health Part B Pestic. Food Contam. Agric. Wastes. Volume 53 pages 817–823. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1505081. 

[25] (Wumbei A., Goeteyn L., Lopez E., Houbraken M., Spanoghe P, 2019) “Glyphosate in yam from Ghana.” Journal Food Addit. Contam. Part B Surveill. Volume 12 pages 231–235. doi: 10.1080/19393210.2019.1609098. 

[26] EFSA Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance glyphosate. EFSA J. 2016;13 doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4302

[27] (Van Bruggen A.H.C., He M.M., Shin K., Mai V., Jeong K.C., Finckh M.R., Morris J.G, 22018) “Environmental and health effects of the herbicide glyphosate.” Journal Sci. Total Environ. Volume 616–617 pages 255–268. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.309. 

[28] (Agostini L.P., Dettogni R.S., dos Reis R.S., Stur E., dos Santos E.V.W., Ventorim D.P., Garcia F.M., Cardoso R.C., Graceli J.B., Louro I.D. 2020) “Effects of glyphosate exposure on human health: Insights from epidemiological and in vitro studies.” Journal Sci. Total Environ. 2020;705:135808. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135808. 

 [29] IARC Glyphosate . IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans-Volume 112: Some Organophosphate Insecticides and Herbicides. Volume 112. Agência Internacional para a Investigação do Cancro; Lyon, France: 2017. pp. 321–412. 

[30] (Conrad A., Schröter-Kermani C., Hoppe H.W., Rüther M., Pieper S., Kolossa-Gehring M, 2016) “Glyphosate in German adults–Time trend (2001 to 2015) of human exposure to a widely used herbicide.” Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. 2017;220:8–16. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.09.016. 

[31] (Zoller O., Rhyn P., Rupp H., Zarn J.A., Geiser C, 2018) “Glyphosate residues in Swiss market foods: Monitoring and risk evaluation.” Journal Food Addit. Contam. Part B Surveill. 2018;11:83–91. doi: 10.1080/19393210.2017.1419509. 

[32]  (Van Eenennaam A.L., Young A.E, 2016) “Detection of dietary DNA, protein, and glyphosate in meat, milk, and eggs.” Journal. Anim. Sci. 2017;95:3247–3269. doi: 10.2527/jas2016.1346. 

[33] (Gaur H., Bhargava A, 2019) “Glyphosate induces toxicity and modulates calcium and NO signaling in zebrafish embryos.” Journal Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2019;513:1070–1075. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.074. 

[34]  (Rueda-Ruzafa L., Cruz F., Roman P., Cardona D, 2019) “Gut microbiota and neurological effects of glyphosate.” Neurotoxicology. 2019;75:1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.08.006. 

[35] (Gress S., Lemoine S., Séralini G.-E., Puddu P.E, 2015) “Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Potently Affect Cardiovascular System in Mammals: Review of the Literature.” Journal Cardiovasc. Toxicol. Volume 15 pages 117–126. doi: 10.1007/s12012-014-9282-y. 

[36] (Brunetti R., Maradey J.A., Dearmin R.S., Belford P.M., Bhave P.D, 2020) “Electrocardiographic abnormalities associated with acute glyphosate toxicity.” Journal  Hear. Case Rep. 2020;6:63–66. doi: 10.1016/j.hrcr.2019.10.014. 

[37] (Mesnage R., Defarge N., Spiroux de Vendômois J., Séralini G.E, 2015) “Potential toxic effects of glyphosate and its commercial formulations below regulatory limits.” Journal Food Chem. Toxicol. 2015;84:133–153. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.08.012. 

[38] (Mesnage R., Renney G., Séralini G.E., Ward M., Antoniou M.N, 2017) “Multiomics reveal non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats following chronic exposure to an ultra-low dose of Roundup herbicide.” Journal Sci. Rep. 2017;7:1–15. doi: 10.1038/srep39328. 

[39] (Gao H., Chen J., Ding F., Chou X., Zhang X., Wan Y., Hu J., Wu Q, 2019) “Activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor is involved in glyphosate-induced renal proximal tubule cell apoptosis.” Journal Appl. Toxicol. Volume 39 pages 1096–1107. doi: 10.1002/jat.3795. 

[40] (Gunarathna S., Gunawardana B., Jayaweera M., Manatunge J., Zoysa K., 2018) “Glyphosate and AMPA of agricultural soil, surface water, groundwater and sediments in areas prevalent with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology, Sri Lanka.” Journal Environ. Sci. Health Part B. Volume 53:729–737. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1480157. 

[41] (Meftaul I.M., Venkateswarlu K., Dharmarajan R., Annamalai P., Asaduzzaman M., Parven A., Megharaj M, 2020) “Controversies over human health and ecological impacts of glyphosate: Is it to be banned in modern agriculture?” Journal Environ. Pollut. Volume 263:114372. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114372. 

[42] (Hao Y., Zhang Y., Ni H., Gao J., Yang Y., Xu W., Tao L, 2019) “Evaluation of the cytotoxic effects of glyphosate herbicides in human liver, lung, and nerve.” Journal  Environ. Sci. Health Part B. Volume 54 pages 737–744. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1633215. 

[43] (Guyton K.Z., Loomis D., Grosse Y., El Ghissassi F., Benbrahim-Tallaa L., Guha N., Scoccianti C., Mattock H., Straif K, 2015) “Carcinogenicity of tetrachlorvinphos, parathion, malathion, diazinon, and glyphosate.” Journal Lancet Oncol. Volume 16 pages 490–491. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)70134-8. 

[44] (Gillezeau C., van Gerwen M., Shaffer R.M., Rana I., Zhang L., Sheppard L., Taioli E, 2019) “The evidence of human exposure to glyphosate: A review.” Journal Environ. Health. 2019;18:2. doi: 10.1186/s12940-018-0435-5. 

[45] (Zhang L., Rana I., Shaffer R.M., Taioli E., Sheppard , 2019) “Exposure to glyphosate-based herbicides and risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A meta-analysis and supporting evidence.” Journal Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res. Volume 781 pages 186–206. doi: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.02.001. 

[46] (Kwiatkowska M., Reszka E., Woźniak K., Jabłońska E., Michałowicz J., Bukowska B, 2017) “DNA damage and methylation induced by glyphosate in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (in vitro study)” Journal Food Chem. Toxicol. Volume 105 pages 93–98. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.03.051.

[47] (Antoniou M., Habib M.E.M., Howard, Fagan J, 2012) “Teratogenic Effects of Glyphosate-Based Herbicides: Divergence of Regulatory Decisions from Scientific Evidence.” Journal Environ. Anal. Toxicol. 2012;4:1–13. doi: 10.4172/2161-0525.S4-006. 

[48] (Ciasca B., Pecorelli I., Lepore L., Paoloni A., Catucci L., Pascale M., Lattanzio V.M.T, 2020) “Rapid and reliable detection of glyphosate in pome fruits, berries, pulses and cereals by flow injection–Mass spectrometry.” Journal Food Chem. Volume 310:125813. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125813. 

[49] (Savini S., Bandini M., Sannino A, 2019) “An Improved, Rapid, and Sensitive Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry Analysis for the Determination of Highly Polar Pesticides and Contaminants in Processed Fruits and Vegetables.” Journal. Agric. Food Chem. Volume 67 pages 2716–2722. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06483. 

[50] (Chamkasem N, 2017) “Determination of Glyphosate, Maleic Hydrazide, Fosetyl Aluminum, and Ethephon in Grapes by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry.” Journal Agric. Food Chem. Volume 65 pages 7535–7541. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02419. 

[51] (Chen M.-X., Cao Z.-Y., Jiang Y., Zhu Z.-W, 2013) “Direct determination of glyphosate and its major metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid, in fruits and vegetables by mixed-mode hydrophilic interaction/weak anion-exchange liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.” Journal Chromatogr. A. Volume 1272 pages 90–99. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.069.

[52]  (Hsu C.C., Whang C.W, 2009) “Microscale solid phase extraction of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in water and guava fruit extract using alumina-coated iron oxide nanoparticles followed by capillary electrophoresis and electrochemiluminescence detection.” Journal Chromatogr. A. Volume 1216 pages 8575–8580. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.023.

[53] (Santilio A., Pompili C., Giambenedetti A, 2019) “Determination of glyphosate residue in maize and rice using a fast and easy method involving liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)”. Journal. Environ. Sci. Health Part B Pestic. Food Contam. Agric. Wastes. Volume 54 pages 205–210. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1550306. 

[54] (Granby K., Johannesen S., Vahl M, 2003) “Analysis of glyphosate residues in cereals using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).” Journal Food Addit. Contam. Volume 20 pages 692–698. doi: 10.1080/0265203031000109477.  

[55]  (Chamkasem N., Harmon T, 2016) “Direct determination of glyphosate, glufosinate, and AMPA in soybean and corn by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.” Journal Anal. Bioanal. Chem. Volume 408 pages 4995–5004. doi: 10.1007/s00216-016-9597-6. 

[56] (Jansons M., Pugajeva I., Bartkevičs V, 2018) “Occurrence of glyphosate in beer from the Latvian market.” Journal Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess. 2018;35:1767–1775. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1469051. 

[57] (Berg C.J., Peter King H., Delenstarr G., Kumar R., Rubio F., Glaze T, 2018) “Glyphosate residue concentrations in honey attributed through geospatial analysis to proximity of large-scale agriculture and transfer off-site by bees.” PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0198876. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198876. 

[58] EFSA The 2017 European Union report on pesticide residues in food. EFSA Journal. 2019;17:e05743. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5743. 

[59] (Rendón-Von Osten J., Dzul-Caamal R, 2017) “Glyphosate residues in groundwater, drinking water and urine of subsistence farmers from intensive agriculture localities: A survey in Hopelchén, Campeche, Mexico.”  Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2017;14:595. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14060595.

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › articles › PMC8622992

[65] Comission Regulation (EU) 2017/269 of 16 February 2017. Official Journal of the European Union; Brussels, Belgium: 2017. L. 40/4. 

[66] Davoren M.J., Schiestl R.H. Glyphosate-based herbicides and cancer risk: A post-IARC decision review of potential mechanisms, policy and avenues of research. Carcinogenesis. 2018;39:1207–1215. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgy105.

[67] Williams G.M., Kroes R., Munro I.C. Safety Evaluation and Risk Assessment of the Herbicide Roundup and Its Active Ingredient, Glyphosate, for Humans. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2000;31:117–165. doi: 10.1006/rtph.1999.1371. 

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[69] Tarazona J.V., Court-Marques D., Tiramani M., Reich H., Pfeil R., Istace F., Crivellente F. Glyphosate toxicity and carcinogenicity: A review of the scientific basis of the European Union assessment and its differences with IARC. Arch. Toxicol. 2017;91:2723–2743. doi: 10.1007/s00204-017-1962-5. 

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[71] Bai S.H., Ogbourne S.M. Glyphosate: Environmental contamination, toxicity and potential risks to human health via food contamination. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2016;23:18988–19001. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-7425-3. 

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[76] Van Bruggen A.H.C., He M.M., Shin K., Mai V., Jeong K.C., Finckh M.R., Morris J.G. Environmental and health effects of the herbicide glyphosate. Sci. Total Environ. 2018;616–617:255–268. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.309. 

[77] Agostini L.P., Dettogni R.S., dos Reis R.S., Stur E., dos Santos E.V.W., Ventorim D.P., Garcia F.M., Cardoso R.C., Graceli J.B., Louro I.D. Effects of glyphosate exposure on human health: Insights from epidemiological and in vitro studies. Sci. Total Environ. 2020;705:135808. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135808. 

[78] IARC Glyphosate . IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans-Volume 112: Some Organophosphate Insecticides and Herbicides. Volume 112. Agência Internacional para a Investigação do Cancro; Lyon, France: 2017. pp. 321–412. 

[79] Conrad A., Schröter-Kermani C., Hoppe H.W., Rüther M., Pieper S., Kolossa-Gehring M. Glyphosate in German adults–Time trend (2001 to 2015) of human exposure to a widely used herbicide. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. 2017;220:8–16. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.09.016. 

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